Stranded landscapes in the humid tropics: Earth's oldest land surfaces

Defying common expectations, some of the oldest landscapes on Earth are found in the humid tropics. Ar/ Ar dating shows that Fe-rich regolith that armors the ∼700–1000 m elevation banded iron-formation plateaus at Urucum, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, results from chemical weathering that began at least 70 million years ago. Cosmogenic He concentrations in residual hematite clasts and the underlying saprolite on one plateau imply an extraordinarily slow surface lowering rate of 0.07–0.10 m Ma maintained over the last ∼17–70 Ma. Cosmogenic Be and Al concentrations in a quartz vein in the same plateau suggest a similarly low surface erosion rate of ∼0.11–0.18 m Ma over the past few million years. Cosmogenic He concentrations in goethite cementing a ∼200 m elevation indurated pediment ∼3 km northwest of the plateau escarpment yields a minimum exposure age of ∼2.6 Ma, revealing that some of the low-lying areas had already been incised and locally stabilized by goethite cementation by then. In contrast, Cl measurements on limestone outcrops at ∼170 m elevation and ∼6.5 km northwest of the Urucum plateau reveal short-term erosion rates of 7.1 ± 0.4 and 10.1 ± 0.5 m Ma , showing that areas not stabilized by goethite cementation are undergoing erosion at a relatively fast pace. The ∼700 m of relief at Urucum is consistent with differential denudation over ∼70 Ma controlled by lithological differences in chemical and physical rates of weathering and erosion. Effective chemical weathering and protracted low rates of erosion for the high-elevation surface result in armoring by a resilient residue of hematite blocks that are relatively insoluble and too heavy to transport. Armoring by the surface lag of large chemically resilient hematite blocks and bedded hematite saprolite focuses meteoric water flow into the subsurface and along faults. Preferential subsurface flow along the permeable pathways between insoluble hematite blocks, combined with segmentation of the Urucum Surface into isolated catchments too small to host active drainage systems, brings physical erosion to a stand-still. The only effective erosive processes on the Urucum plateau are subsurface chemical erosion and scarp retreat. Non-steady-state landscapes in which elevation differences result from prolonged differential denudation are a common feature of Earth's southern hemisphere cratons, and they inherit their present form from underlying lithologies coupled with geomorphic processes active since the Mesozoic.