TMEM2 Is a SOX4-Regulated Gene That Mediates Metastatic Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer.

The developmental transcription factor SOX4 contributes to the metastatic spread of multiple solid cancer types, but its direct target genes that mediate cancer progression are not well defined. Using a systematic molecular and genomic approach, we identified the TMEM2 transmembrane protein gene as a direct transcriptional target of SOX4. TMEM2 was transcriptionally activated by SOX4 in breast cancer cells where, like SOX4, TMEM2 was found to mediate pro-invasive and pro-migratory effects. Similarly, TMEM2 was sufficient to promote metastatic colonization of breast cancer cells and its expression in primary breast tumors associated with a higher likelihood of metastatic relapse. Given earlier evidence that genetic inactivation of SOX4 or TMEM2 yield similar defects in cardiac developmental, our findings lead us to propose that TMEM2 may not only mediate the pathologic effects of SOX4 on cancer progression but also potentially its contributions to embryonic development.