Risk Stratification of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma for Kidney-Sparing Surgery

Several prognostic factors have been identified to risk stratify patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). However, due to heterogeneity of these prognosticators and the presence of different therapeutic modalities for this rare and heterogeneous disease, decision-making and patient consultation remains challenging. In this chapter, we provided an overview of the prognostic factors that can help risk stratify patients for kidney-sparing versus radical surgery.