Generic model system (GMS) for simulation of radioactive spread in the aquatic environment

This chapter presents a set of numerical modeling techniques for simulating the spread of radioactivity in the aquatic environment, in both marine and inland waters. Section 3.1 describes the concept and structure of the modeling system. Section 3.2 presents a model for the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Section 3.3 presents a shelf sea model for the Kara Sea. Section 3.4 describes in detail the river and estuary models for the Ob′ and Yenisei Rivers. These comprise a one-dimensional model for simulation of the transport of radionuclides in a river system (RIVTOX), and a numerical model for three-dimensional dispersion simulation of radionuclides in stratified water bodies (THREETOX). For each model, we present results from validation of the models against comparable measurement data and knowledge based on observations.