Retrievals of dust-related particle mass and ice-nucleating particle concentration profiles with ground-based polarization lidar and sun photometer over a megacity in central China

Abstract. The POLIPHON (polarization lidar photometer networking) method is a powerful pathway to retrieve the height profiles of dust-related particle mass and ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations. The conversion factors fitted from the sun photometer observation data are the major part of the POLIPHON computations, which can convert the polarization-lidar-derived dust extinction coefficients into dust-related particle mass and INP concentrations. For the central Chinese megacity of Wuhan (30.5 ∘  N, 114.4 ∘  E), located at the downstream area several thousands of kilometers far away from the source regions of Asian dust, dust particles always mix with other aerosols from local emissions. Therefore, very few dust case data sets can be available when using the column-integrated Angstrom exponent (for 440 – 870 nm )  and aerosol optical depth (at 532 nm )  >0.1 recorded by a sun photometer as the filtering criteria. Instead, we present another dust case data set screening scheme that applies the simultaneous polarization lidar observation to verify the occurrence of dust. Based on the 33 dust-intrusion days identified during 2011–2013, the extinction-to-volume ( cv,d ) and extinction-to-large particle (with radius  >250 nm ) number concentration ( c250,d ) conversion factors are determined to be ( 0.52 ± 0.12 ) × 10 - 12 Mm m 3 m - 3 and 0.19±0.05  Mm cm −3 , respectively. The c250,d for Wuhan is 27  % larger than that observed at Lanzhou SACOL (36.0 ∘  N, 104.1 ∘  E), a site closer to the Gobi Desert, and tends to be closer to those observed in North Africa and the Middle East, indicating dust aerosols from these two sources are also possibly involved in the dust events observed over Wuhan. As a comparison, the conversion factor c290,c of 0.11 ± 0.02 Mm cm - 3 for continental aerosol is much smaller than c250,d , indicating that there is no significant influence of urban aerosols on the retrievals of dust-related conversion factor over Wuhan. The conversion factors are applied in a dust event in Wuhan to reveal the typical dust-related immersion-mode INP concentration over East Asian cities. The proposed dust case data set screening scheme may potentially be extended to the other polluted city sites that are more influenced by mixed dust.