An insight into the determination of trace levels of benzodiazepines in biometric systems: Use of crab shell powder as an environmentally friendly biosorbent

A vortex assisted dispersive solid phase extraction approach (VADSPE) based on crab shell powder as biodegradable and biocompatible μ-sorbent was developed for simultaneous analysis of three benzodiazepines (BZPs): Oxazepam, Flurazepamand Diazepam, in biological matrixes included blood, nail, hair and urine samples. The effective parameters in VADSPE process, including the volume of uptake solvent, the dosage of sorbent, extraction time and back extraction time, were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM) based on central composite design(CCD). The suggested technique allows successful trapping of BZPs in a single-step extraction. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the proposed approach was exhibited low limits of detection (0.003–1.2 μg·mL−1), an acceptable linearity (0.04–20 μg·mL−1). Method performance was assessed by recovery experiments at spiking levels of 10 μg·mL−1(n = 5) for BZPs in blood, nail, hair and urine samples. Relative recoveries were determined by HPLC, which were between 36%and 95.6%.