Temperament moderated by neonatal factors predicted behavioral problems in childhood: A prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to examine the predictor effects of neonatal, sociodemographic characteristics, and temperament assessed at 18–36 months of age on behavioral problems in 4- to 5-year-old children born preterm. Methods The sample comprised 70 children born preterm. The amount and the intensity of stress procedures during a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit were evaluated using the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale. Temperament was assessed using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire, and behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist 1 1/2 –5. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results Total behavioral problems were predicted by a child temperament of more negative affectivity and less effortful control, moderated by gestational age. Internalizing behavioral problems was predicted by more negative affectivity and less effortful control moderated by male sex and associated with lower gestational age. Externalizing behavior problems was predicted by less effortful control. Conclusions The main findings of the present study showed that the high immaturity at the birth of preterm infants, associated with temperament traits of more negative affectivity and less effortful control, increase the risk for future behavioral problems.