Supercooled Large Droplet Modeling for Aircraft Icing Using an Eulerian–Eulerian Approach

Previous models employed in the computations of collection efficiencies for supercooled large droplets illustrate that the droplets’ interaction with an airfoil surface, such as bouncing and splashing of droplets, should be taken into account in the simulation to obtain accurate results. The previous supercooled large droplet models have been modified to compute the collection efficiencies for supercooled large droplets in such a way that the modified models can be adopted more effectively and suitably in the Eulerian–Eulerian approach. The modified supercooled large droplet models are implemented into the Eulerian–Eulerian approach within CFD++, which is the commercial computational fluid dynamics software suite from Metacomp Technologies, Inc. In addition, in order to account for aerodynamic droplet breakup in the Eulerian–Eulerian approach, a number density equation has been derived that includes a source term representing the rate of change of the number density during breakup. To validate the present...