Optimizing the Clinical Use of Carvedilol in Liver Cirrhosis Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach

Background and Objective Liver cirrhosis is a complex pathophysiological condition that can affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) and hereby dosing of administered drugs. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are a valuable tool to explore PK of drugs in cirrhosis patients. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a PBPK-carvedilol-cirrhosis model with the available clinical data in liver cirrhosis patients and to recommend model-based drug dosing after exploring the underlying differences in unbound and total (bound and unbound) systemic carvedilol concentrations with the different disease stages.