FREEZING OF WATER IN SUBAQUEOUS MAINS LAID IN SALT WATER AND IN MAINS AND SERVICES LAID ON LAND [with DISCUSSION]

The writer recently stated his experience with salt water as a protection against the freezing of water in mains, and this was followed by a request to develop the subject more fully, including the principles governing the freezing of water in mains laid in salt water and also those laid on land. This paper is prepared in the hope that it may lead to a discussion of this subject and the setting forth of experiences which will be helpful to water works engineers and superintendents.