Kinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in renal failure.

1977 
Kinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in renal failure. Four normal subjects and four functionally anephric patients were given 6.5 mg/kg of body wt of procainamide hydrochloride i.v., and plasma concentrations of procainamide (PA) and its major active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were measured. Two individuals in each group were fast isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and PA acetylators. The pharmacokinetics of PA and NAPA were analyzed with a computer program (SAAM 23). Volume of distribution (V d ss ) and renal clearance of PA were similar in normal subjects regardless of acetylator phenotype. Nonrenal clearance was faster (383 vs. 244 ml/min), and PA elimination half-life (t1/2) was shorter (2.6 vs. 3.5 hr) in fast acetylators. In the functionally anephric patients, V d ss was similar to that of normal subjects. Nonrenal clearance was faster (117.5 vs. 93.5 ml/min) and PA t1/2 shorter (10.8 vs. 17.0 hr) in fast than in slow acetylators. In these patients, acetylation accounted for 56% of PA elimination, and NAPA concentrations reached 0.8 µg/ml or more. The t1/2 of NAPA in renal failure was 41.5 hr, in accord with predictions from studies in normal subjects, assuming no impairment in nonrenal NAPA ehmination. PA metabolism, however, is severely impaired by renal failure, so PA t1/2 was prolonged to an unpredictably greater extent than would be expected from studies in normal subjects. Cinetique de la procainamide et de la N-acetyl-procainamide dans l'insuffisance renale. Quatre sujets normaux et quatre malades depourvus de fonction renale ont recu 6,5 mg/kg de HCl-procainamide par voie intraveineuse. Les concentrations plasmatiques de procainamide (PA) et de son principal metabolite actif, le N-acetyl-procainamide (NAPA) ont ete mesurees. Deux individus de chaque groupe etaient des acetylateurs rapides de l'INH et de PA. Les pharmacocinetiques de PA et de NAPA ont ete analysees au moyen du programme SAAM 23. Le volume de distribution (V d ss ) et la clearance renale de PA sont semblables chez les normaux quel que soit le phenotype d'acetylation. La clearance extra-renale est plus grande (383 vs. 244 ml/min) et la demie-vie d'elimination de PA (t1/2) plus courte (2,6 vs. 3,5 hr) chez les acetylateurs rapides. Chez les malades sans fonction renale V d ss est semblable a celui des sujets normaux. La clearance extrarenale est plus grande (117,5 vs. 93,5 ml/min) et le t1/2 de PA plus court (10,8 vs. 17,0 hr) chez les acetylateurs rapides que chez les lents. Chez les malades l'acetylation rend compte de 56% de l'elimination de PA et les concentrations de NAPA atteignent 0,8 µg/ml ou plus. Le t1/2 de NAPA est de 41,5 hr dans l'insuffisance renale, ce qui est en accord avec l'extrapolation des resultats des sujets normaux en postulant que l'elimination non renale de NAPA n'est pas modifiee. Le metabolisme de PA est cependant gravement perturbe par l'insuffisance renale, de telle sorte que le t1/2 de PA est plus augmente que l'extrapolation des resultats des sujets normaux ne le laisse prevoir.
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