Vanadium in the blood and urine of workers in a ferroalloy plant.

The concentration of vanadium in the blood and urine of both nonexposed and occupationally exposed workers have been determined by neutron activation analysis. A comparison of the exposure data and the corresponding blood and urine values shows that the urine vanadium concentration adjusted for creatinine concentration is the most reliable exposure indicator. The normal levels of vanadium in blood are less than 20 nmol/l. The corresponding urine values are less than 3.5 nmol/mmol of creatinine.