State-of-the-Art Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Patients With CKD: An NKF-KDOQI Controversies Perspective.

Abstract Phosphate binders are among the most common medications prescribed to patients with kidney failure on dialysis and are often used in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical practice guidelines suggest "lowering elevated phosphate levels towards the normal range" in CKD G3a through kidney failure on dialysis with possible strategies including dietary phosphate restriction or use of binders. Additionally, guidelines suggest restricting the use of oral elemental calcium often contained in phosphate binders. Nutrition guidelines in CKD suggest