Protamine Sulfate Downregulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression and Inhibits VEGF and Its Receptor Binding in Vitro

Objective: To investigate protamine sulfate inhibition of expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-VEGFR binding in vitro and to find a new drug that inhibits neovascularization, which can potentially be used to treat angiogenic eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).