The adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015-2020).

Context Ibogaine is the main alkaloid of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. It produces hallucinogenic and psychostimulant effects, but it is currently known for the anti-addictive properties. Despite the potential therapeutic effects, several cases of fatalities and serious adverse events related to ibogaine/noribogaine use can be found in the literature. Most studies consist in case reports or were conducted under non-controlled settings, so causation cannot be clearly established. Objectives To update (2015-2020) the literature on the adverse events and fatalities associated with ibogaine/noribogaine administration. Methods Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results Eighteen studies were included in the final selection. Highly heterogeneous results were found in terms of kind of product used or the known dosages. The adverse events were classified in acute effects ( 24 h), mainly persistent cardiac alterations, psychiatric, and neurological signs. Conclusions There is a high need of phase I clinical trials that can describe the safety of different dosages of ibogaine with standardized products. Further research should perform clinical profiling of vulnerable populations, and design effective screening methods and clinical procedures.