Investigation of toxicological effects of amorphous silica nanostructures with amine-functionalized surfaces on Vero cells

Abstract Amorphous silica (SiO 2 ) nanostructures are described in the literature as having low toxicity and are widely used in many industrial products. However, surface modifications, such as amine-functionalization, can result in increased cytotoxicity. In this study, amorphous SiO 2 nanostructures (SiO 2 NS) were synthesized and amine-functionalized with two different amine molecules: primary (SiO 2 NS@1) and tri-amine (SiO 2 NS@3). The materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential (ZP), effective diameter (ED) and surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The toxicity of the three SiO 2 NS samples toward Vero cells was evaluated. According to the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, the IC 50,24h was 1.477 ± 0.12 g L −1 for SiO 2 NS, 0.254 ± 0.07 g L −1 for SiO 2 NS@1 and 0.117 ± 0.05 g L −1 for SiO 2 NS@3. The order of cytotoxicity was SiO 2 NS@3 > SiO 2 NS@1 » SiO 2 NS. There was an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and ROS productions in the cells exposed to all three materials. Also, TEM images showed damage on the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum.