Reliability improvement of a steam-transmission main through the replacement of expansion-compensating devices

Reliability in steam generation lines of the Wisconsin Electric Power Company was improved by replacing expansion compensators that were thin-walled, corrugated bellows with slip-type, tube-in-sleeve units able to withstand pressure. The authors describe the selection of ball and socket flexible joints, which allow repacking during operation, and their experience in design evaluation and during the construction and installation stages. They conclude with a cost breakdown for the replacement. 4 references, 3 figures.