The Hairpin Form of r(G4C2)exp in c9ALS/FTD Is Repeat-Associated Non-ATG Translated and a Target for Bioactive Small Molecules

Summary The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an expanded G 4 C 2 repeat [(G 4 C 2 ) exp ] in C9ORF72 . ALS/FTD-associated toxicity has been traced to the RNA transcribed from the repeat expansion [r(G 4 C 2 ) exp ], which sequesters RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation to generate toxic dipeptide repeats. Using in vitro and cell-based assays, we identified a small molecule ( 4 ) that selectively bound r(G 4 C 2 ) exp , prevented sequestration of an RBP, and inhibited RAN translation. Indeed, biophysical characterization showed that 4 selectively bound the hairpin form of r(G 4 C 2 ) exp , and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies and molecular dynamics simulations defined this molecular recognition event. Cellular imaging revealed that 4 localized to r(G 4 C 2 ) exp cytoplasmic foci, the putative sites of RAN translation. Collectively, these studies highlight that the hairpin structure of r(G 4 C 2 ) exp is a therapeutically relevant target and small molecules that bind it can ameliorate c9ALS/FTD-associated toxicity.