Low gain ripple broadband Raman amplifier with continuous-spectrum pump

In this paper, we present the results of numerical modelling of backward-pumped low gain ripple Raman amplifier for C+L band with continuous pump spectrum. The model simulates important physical phenomena affecting the Raman gain: stimulated and spontaneous Raman scattering and its temperature dependence, Rayleigh scattering, arbitrary interactions between pumps and signal from both directions (signal-signal, pump-pump and signal-pump interactions), high-order Stokes generation. The calculations were carried out for 25-km length of SMF-28 optical fibre at a integral pump power of 1 W (net gain > 0) and at zero net gain.