Effective surface immobilization of nanoparticles using bubbles generated by sonication

A nanoscale material represents a promising adsorbent material for water treatment due to its large surface area and its ability to incorporate compounds with specific functions. In this research, the effective immobilization of nanoparticles using an ultrasonic technique and the change of the surface morphology of the substrate by sonication was investigated. The effective surface immobilization of the nano-magnetite powder and an increase in the reactive area with aqueous contaminant were caused by bubbles generated by the sonication method. The effect of the frequency of the ultrasonic wave on the immobilization of the nano-powder was also investigated.