Amniotic fluid insulin and C peptide levels in diabetic and nondiabetic women during early pregnancy.

Thanks to the widespread use of amniocentesis, glucose, insulin, and C peptide have often been measured in amniotic fluid (AF) during late gestation, but little is known about their concentrations during early pregnancy. To better understand early fetal beta-cell function under normal conditions and in the presence of maternal diabetes, we measured glucose, insulin, and C peptide in the AF collected during weeks 15-22 in 77 healthy and 9 diabetic women undergoing amniocentesis for clinical indications and compared the results with those obtained during late pregnancy (weeks 34-36). The AF C peptide concentration was higher in diabetic women (102 +/- 53 vs. 38 +/- 2 pmol/L), in the women with a family history of diabetes (41 +/- 6 vs. 35 +/- 2 pmol/L), after the 19th week of gestation (46 +/- 5 vs. 35 +/- 2 pmol/L; in the presence of lower glucose concentrations), and in the presence of maternal plasma glucose levels greater than 5.56 mmol/L (42 +/- 3.5 vs. 34 +/- 2 pmol/L). The comparison between early an...