Production-Integrated Environmental Protection

The article contains sections titled: 1. Production-Integrated Environmental Protection in the Chemical Industry 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Formation of Residues in Chemical Processes 1.3. Environmental Concepts in the Chemical Industry 1.3.1. The Concept of Integrated Environmental Protection 1.3.2. Environmental Protection in Research and Development 1.3.3. Integrated and Additive Concepts of Environmental Protection 1.3.4. Comparison of Integrated and Additive Environmental Protection 1.4. Limitations of Production-Integrated Environmental Protection 1.4.1. Technical Limitations 1.4.2. Economic Limitations 1.5. Effect of Production-Integrated Environmental Protection 1.6. Costs of Integrated Measures 2. Examples of Production-Integrated Environmental Protection in the Chemical Industry 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Selected Examples 2.2.1. Examples from Hoechst 2.2.1.1. Recovery and Utilization of Residues in the Production of Viscose Staple Fiber 2.2.1.2. Recovery of Methanol and Acetic Acid in Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Production 2.2.1.3. Acetylation without Contamination of Wastewater 2.2.1.4. Reutilization Plant for Organohalogen Compounds 2.2.1.5. Vacuum Technology for Closed Production Cycles 2.2.1.6. Utilization of Exhaust Gases and Liquid Residues of Chlorination Processes for Production of Clean Hydrochloric Acid 2.2.1.7. Production of Neopentyl Glycol: Higher Yield by Internal Recycling 2.2.1.8. Optimization of Ester Waxoil Production and Recovery of Auxiliary Products 2.2.1.9. Biochemical Production of 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid 2.2.2. Examples from Bayer 2.2.2.1. Avoidance of Wastewater and Residues in the Production of H Acid (1-Amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid) 2.2.2.2. High-Yield Production of Alkanesulfonates by Means of Membrane Technology 2.2.2.3. Selective Chlorination of Toluene in the para-Position 2.2.2.4. Production of Naphthalenedisulfonic Acid with Closed Recycling of Auxiliaries 2.2.2.5. Avoiding Residues in Dye Production by Using Membrane Processes 2.2.2.6. Fuel Replacement in Sewage Sludge Combustion by Utilization of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Side Products 2.2.3. Examples from BASF 2.2.3.1. Emission Reduction in Industrial Power Plants at Chemical Plant Sites by Means of Optimized Cogeneration 2.2.3.2. Closed-Cycle Wittig Reaction 2.2.4. Integrated Environmental Protection and Energy Saving in the Production of Vinyl Chloride (Example from Wacker Chemie) 2.2.5. Examples from Huls 2.2.5.1. Integrated Environmental Protection in Cumene Production 2.2.5.2. Production of Acetylene by the Huls Plasma Arc Process 2.2.6. Low-Residue Process for Titanium Dioxide Production (Example from Kronos International) 2.2.7. Reduction of Waste Production and Energy Consumption in the Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (Example from Henkel) 2.2.8. Integrated Environmental Protection in the Production of Vitamins (Example from F. Hoffmann-La Roche) 2.2.9. Production of Pure Naphthalene without Residues-Replacement of Chemical Purification by Optimized Multiple Crystallization (Example from VFT) 2.2.10. Improvements in the Polypropylene Production Process (Example from Shell) 2.2.11. The Zero-Residue Refinery Using the Shell Gasification Process (Shell - Lurgi Example) 2.2.12. Neutral Salt Splitting with the Use of Hydrogen Depolarized Anodes (HydrinaTechnology, Example from De Nora Permelec) 2.2.13. Ultrapure Isopropanol Purification and Recycling System (Example from Mitsubishi Chemical) 2.2.14. Examples from Boehringer Mannheim 2.2.14.1. Biocatalytic Splitting of Penicillin 2.2.14.2. Production of Diagnostic Reagents by Means of Genetic Engineering: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and α-Glucosidase 3. Acknowledgement