CHAPTER 11. Three-dimensional Printed Implantable Products

In this chapter we review the recent development of the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the space of implants. A brief introduction of the most commonly used 3D printing technologies is given in the context of their applications in manufacturing implants. 3D printing is gradually becoming a regular manufacturing method for dental and orthopaedic implants for complex cases that require a high level of personalized design and fabrication of the implants. Most studies on using 3D printing for drug-eluting implants are still at the proof-of-concept stage and awaiting direct evidence to demonstrate superiorities in therapeutic outcome and cost effectiveness offered by 3D printing. This leads to our discussion on the promises and limitations of 3D printing for drug-eluting implants.