Real-time electrical substitution in radiometry

While in the low power range, cryogenic electrical substitution (ESR) is a must when it comes to establish reference radiant power (flux) scales, for powers from 100 mW up, this technique is much less feasible. Therefore, we tried to elaborate a method and an appropriate radiometer design intended to minimize the inherent uncertainties associated with ambient temperature electrical substitution, i.e., those generated by the spatio-temporal nonequivalences. The paper describes the method and the solutions we thought might lead to the minimization of these uncertainties.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.