Scalable fabrication of holey graphene nanosheets by electrochemical intercalation and microwave-assisted expansion of graphite

Abstract Holey graphene nanosheets (HGNS) contain nanoholes on the surface of graphene sheets and these nanoholes can provide the rich mass transfer channel for the electrons and the ions, thus induce more hole edge defects, controllable band gap and better mechanical stability. Here, HGNS were massive production by dual-electrochemical intercalation and microwave-assisted expansion of graphite. The final obtained HGNS contain few layer graphene (5–10 layers), with ultralow defects (ID/IG