Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME), and Stir Bar Sorption Extraction (SBSE) Techniques

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a sample preparation procedure according to the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes in a solid/liquid mixture. SFE technique is performed using different supercritical fluids (SFs) for the liquid/solid matrix to extract samples based on their interactions, including adsorption, hydrogen bonding, polar, and nonpolar interactions. SFE is routinely used to analyze various types of samples, including food components and contaminants. SFE is a rapid, no solvent consumption, and cheap technique compare to the other traditional extraction techniques. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) can be used to prevent these common drawbacks from solid-phase extraction (SPE). SPME is a solvent-free microextraction technique, and it is a low-cost, highly sensitive, low detection limit and can be used for different types of analytes. Analytes can be extracted by headspace (HS), direct immersion (DI), or in tube method depending on the sample types. SPME technique can be used to detect quantitative analysis of food components and contaminates. Different SPME conditions are used for analysis, depending on the sample types. An open capillary tube is used in the SPME device, and SPME can be coupled with HPLC or LC/MS. Stir bar sorption extraction (SBSE) is another extraction technique that is similar to the SPME. SBSE is used for volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds in aqueous environmental samples. The stir bar is placed in the sample for 13–120 min. to perform the stir bar sorption extraction (SBSE). Then, the stir bar is set in a glass thermal desorption tube to be thermally desorbed or analyzed in a thermal or liquid desorption unit. In this chapter, the principle, application, and advancement of the extraction are discussed in relation to the analysis of food components and contaminants.