Integration of Biological Control into Pest Management Systems

In some instances, biological control programs occur in areas where little or no pest control is attempted, such as forests, rangeland, or aquatic areas. In other instances, there may be only one important pest as is the case for many insect pests of woody landscape plants. Biological control programs conducted against pests in such circumstances can stand alone (Huffaker 1985); because no broader system of pest management exists, there is little or no need to harmonize other pest control activities with the biological control program.