Chapter 14:Final Remarks

A host of classic and some less-common synthesis methods have been applied for the synthesis of carbon–carbon composites, in particular, high-temperature techniques such as CVD/pyrolysis/carbonization, their combination with next-step nitrogen-plasma treatment, by middle-temperature methods under pressure, solution-based techniques, air-spraying and flash light irradiation methods. Some processes need subsequent oxidation and reduction steps. The resulting 3D hybrids possess novel properties, which are frequently not a sum of those of their counterparts, in particular an improved electrical conductivity, better “solubility”, improved gas adsorption capacity and metal insertion ability. These properties can be varied upon addition or elimination of oxygen-containing and other groups. To elucidate in detail these and other effects, DFT calculations are frequently applied. As a result of carbon–carbon hybrid formation, the counterparts can remain practically unchanged or distorted in distinct grades. Different parts of a hybrid system could possess distinct reactivity. The carbon–carbon hybrids are applied for catalysis, photocatalytic energy generation, degradation of pollutants, Li-ion insertion and storage, as supercapacitors, sensors, lateral heat spreaders for commercial portable electronics, thermal absorbers, and for orthopedic and dental applications, among others.