Critical Analysis of Remediation Methods of Metal Contaminated Lands

Methods of land remediation continue to evolve. A number of reviews have been recently published on different aspects of land reclamation with a focus on bioremediation. In fact, bioremediation of metal contaminated sites using plants and microorganisms is currently the most recommended strategy to remove toxic metals from ecosystems. Recently, the use of nanoparticles for remediation of metal contaminated sites has been reported as a promising tool to restore lands. This because of their exceptional adsorption and mechanical properties combined with unique electrical property, high chemical stability and their application to a large surface area. The most efficient strategy in many cases is to combine different remediation methods for a sustainable effect. This review is a critical analysis of key findings on physical, chemical and biological restoration techniques used to reclaim metal contaminated lands.