Poly(2,7-carbazole)s and Related Polymers

This chapter reviews the recent progress made in the synthesis and characterization of carbazole-based oligomers and polymers. In fact, four classes of those p-type semiconducting materials will be presented: oligomers and polymers derived from carbazoles, indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, diindolo[3,2-b:2′,3′-h]carbazoles, and bisindenocarbazoles. Synthetic pathways used to obtain ladder-type polymers with rod-like structure will also be reported. The characterization of the optical and electrical properties will be discussed with a strong emphasis on the structure–property relationships. Great attention will also be paid to the performances obtained with these materials used as active layers in different types of devices such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and thermoelectric devices.