Nonrandom Escape of Tumor Cells from Immune Lysis Due to Intracional Fluctuations in Antigen Expression

Abstract Considerable heterogeneity in the amount of surface antigen can regularly be demonstrated by cytofluorometric analysis among genetically identical cells in a tumor clone. We have used monoclonal idiotype-specific antibodies to investigate the patterns of change in amounts of an idiotypic tumor antigen and how such changes affect the immune escape of malignant B cells expressing this antigen. By the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we separated cells expressing either very large or very small amounts of the idiotypic target antigen and then analyzed these subpopulations of tumor cells at various times after isolation for expression of idiotype. We found that the differences in amount of antigen expression were not heritable, and that over a period of about 7 days of continuous growth in vitro , the fluorescence-activated cell sorted populations gradually came to express normal amounts of idiotype. The mechanisms regulating the quantity of surface idiotype were independent of those affecting the amounts of other membrane-associated molecules such as H-2 antigen. Furthermore, these nonheritable intraclonal differences in amounts of antigen expression were unrelated to stages of the cell cycle but clearly did affect the susceptibility of the cells from immune lysis. Thus, tumor cells expressing the lowest amount of surface idiotype were much more resistant to the lytic effects of antiidiotypic antibody and complement but had the same cell cycle distribution as did unseparated cells. These results demonstrate that non-heritable, non-cell cycle-related heterogeneity in amount of tumor antigen expression can significantly determine which cells in a cloned malignant cell population preferentially escape monoclonal tumor-specific antibody therapy.