Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interfaces Based on Sensorimotor Rhythms This paper reviews approaches to develop a sensorimotor rhythm-based BCI, including mapping of scalp EEG signals to the cortical sources and control of physical devices for increasing users' engagement.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been ex- plored in the field of neuroengineering to investigate how the brain can use these systems to control external devices. We review the principles and approaches we have taken to develop a sensorimotor rhythm electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI). The methods include develop- ing BCI systems incorporating the control of physical devices to increase user engagement, improving BCI systems by inversely mapping scalp-recorded EEG signals to the cortical source domain, integrating BCI with noninvasive neuromodulation strategies to improve learning, and incorporating mind-body awareness training to enhance BCI learning and performance. The challenges and merits of these strategies are discussed, together with recent findings. Our work indicates that the sensorimotor-rhythm-based noninvasive BCI has the potential to provide communication and control capabilities as an alter- native to physiological motor pathways.