Nutrition Disparities and Cardiovascular Health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review is an assessment of the state of the science on nutrition disparities and their contribution to disparities in cardiovascular health. RECENT FINDINGS: Nutrition disparities remain pervasive by race/ethnicity, sex/gender, socioeconomic status, and geography. They are rooted in differences in social, cultural, and environmental determinants of health, behavioral and lifestyle factors, and the impact of policy interventions. Systematic differences in diet quality, dietary patterns, and nutrient intakes contribute to cardiovascular disparities and are mediated by microbiota, and CVD risk factors including high levels of blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and glucose; oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and endothelial dysfunction. Despite the progress made in nutrition research, important gaps persist that signal the need for more effective interventions at multiple levels to reduce cardiovascular disparities. Research opportunities include (1) exploring the gene-nutrient-environment interactions in the context of ancestral diversity; (2) investigating the causal link between diet and gut microbiota and impact of social determinants of health; (3) understanding resilience; (4) testing the effectiveness of multi-level interventions that address social and environmental determinants; and (4) supporting intervention research informed by validated implementation science frameworks.