Smoke source strength from satellite measurements of fire strength

Chemical transport models currently derive their smoke emission sources from counts of fire hot spots detected from satellites, usually with single daily overpasses. However, fires vary in size and strength, with prominent diurnal cycles that vary from one biome to another, making the use of pixel counts measured at the same time of day very unreliable for estimating smoke sources. Fortunately, the Moderateresolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) twin sensors onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, not only detect fires everywhere at four strategic times of day, but also measure their strength in the form of fire radiative power (FRP) or rate of release of fire radiative energy (FRE). FRP is now also being derived from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) sensor onboard the geostationary Meteosat-8 platform, which observes Africa and Europe virtually every 15 mins. The SEVIRI measurements show that MODIS 4-times-a-day measurements capture the essence of the fire diurnal cycle. Therefore, MODIS is currently the only satellite data source ideal for estimating daily smoke emissions globally. Although MODIS has been in operation since the last 9 years, regrettably, this rare but formidable data resource it provides (FRP) has remained largely underutilized. However, in a number of recent studies, FRP has been found to be directly proportional to both the rate of biomass consumption and the rate of smoke aerosol emission. Indeed, a FRE-based emission coefficient (Ce), which is a simple coefficient to convert FRP (or FRE) to smoke aerosol emissions was derived for different parts of the world. The results obtained from satellite have been reproduced in the laboratory, and the ingestion of FRP in models is now being tested using the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. In this presentation, we will show the preliminary results of using FRP to improve the smoke emission source characterization and impacts analysis. Two-stage growth evolution of hydrothermal quartz: Impurities quantify the story P.D. IHINGER*, D.J. KAWATSKI, D.J. STELTZ, AND R.L. HERVIG University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA (*correspondence: 7ihinger@uwec.edu) (kawatsdj@uwec.edu, steltzdj@uwec.edu) Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA (hervig@asu.edu)