Topological wormholes: Nonlocal defects on the toric code

This paper describes a way to encode and manipulate information in the surface code. Information is encoded using a new defect called a wormhole. Wormhole defects are created using two-qubit measurements that are not necessarily local, and as a result the wormhole defect need not be local. Gates are then performed on the encoded information using ancilla-assisted techniques.