Polymorphisms in plants to restrict losses to pathogens: From gene family expansions to complex network evolution.

Abstract Genetic polymorphisms are the basis of the natural diversity seen in all life on earth, also in plant–pathogen interactions. Initially, studies on plant–pathogen interaction focused on reporting phenotypic variation in resistance properties and on the identification of underlying major genes. Nowadays, the field of plant–pathogen interactions is moving from focusing on families of single dominant genes involved in gene-for-gene interactions to an understanding of the plant immune system in the context of a much more complex signaling network and quantitative resistance. Simultaneously, studies on pathosystems from the wild and genome analyses advanced, revealing tremendous variation in natural plant populations. It is now imperative to place studies on genetic diversity and evolution of plant–pathogen interactions in the appropriate molecular biological, as well as evolutionary, context.