Heterotrimeric G protein signaling in cancer cells with regard to metastasis formation.

The signal transduction mediated by heterotrimeric G proteins is involved in the regulation of a plethora of cell functions ranging from the sensation of light, taste and odor to chemotaxis, inflammation and the coordination of immune responses. These reactions have in common that they occur fast and are short-lived. Apart from this, it becomes increasingly evident, that the signaling of heterotrimeric G proteins has an imminent function in gene regulation, too, and therefore mediates even long-term effects. Herein, we illustrate the pathways of the four classes of α subunits and of the βγ subunits of these heterotrimeric G proteins especially with regard to their function in cancer. G protein signaling is crucial for the development and localization of metastases and furthermore has been shown to be involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis. We summarize the current knowledge, how these processes are regulated by the short-term cellular response and the long-term gene regulation in cancer cells, and we d...