Smartphone based immunosensors as next generation of healthcare tools: Technical and analytical overview towards improvement of personalized medicine

Abstract Over the last few years, a couple of smartphones with different analytical methods have been applied as efficient, compact, emergence and cost effective devices for on-site screening of various biomarkers and management of therapy in critical situations. This ubiquitous and cost effective detection platform as next generation of immunosensing technique has gained wider attention as it offers a semi-automated user interface which can be used by all of patients. In addition, this home-testing platform can offer high computational power and provide wireless data transferability. Smartphone based immunosensing can provide real-time monitoring and the exchange of digital networks in real-time. Furthermore, smartphone advancement aims to assist precision medicine in further evolution into personalized medicine. This review summarizes the latest advancement of immunosensor on smartphone for biochemical analysis. Based on the integrated different types of biosensing techniques could create different immunosensors on a smartphone including smartphones based on electrochemical, colorimetric, and optical techniques. We believe this review can open new ways for exploiting smartphones as laboratory tools by addressing the current challenges and future perspectives.