Visual Field Based Automatic Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

In order to develop a deep neural network able to differentiate glaucoma from non-glaucoma patients based on visual filed (VF) test results, we collected VF tests from 3 different ophthalmic centers in mainland China. Visual fields (VFs) obtained by both Humphrey 30-2 and 24-2 tests were collected. Reliability criteria were established as fixation losses less than 2/13, false positive and false negative rates of less than 15%. All the VFs from both eyes of a single patient are assigned to either train or validation set to avoid data leakage. We split a total of 4012 PD images from 1352 patients into two sets, 3712 for training and another 300 for validation. On the validation set of 300 VFs, CNN achieves the accuracy of 0.876, while the specificity and sensitivity are 0.826 and 0.932, respectively. For ophthalmologists, the average accuracies are 0.607, 0.585 and 0.626 for resident ophthalmologists, attending ophthalmologists and glaucoma experts, respectively. AGIS and GSS2 achieved accuracy of 0.459 and 0.523 respectively. Three traditional machine learning algorithms, namely support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) were also implemented and evaluated in the experiments, which achieved accuracy of 0.670, 0.644, and 0.591 respectively. In glaucoma diagnosis based on VF, our algorithm based on CNN has achieved higher accuracy compared to human ophthalmologists and traditional rules (AGIS and GSS2). It will be a powerful tool to distinguish glaucoma from non-glaucoma VFs, and may help screening and diagnosis of glaucoma in the future.