Modeling and validation of ΣΔ modulators

The article is focused on modeling and validation of Sigma-Delta Modulator (ΣΔM). The levels of abstraction - including behavioral, circuit-level and physical modeling of analog integrated circuits - are discussed. A behavioral modeling is presented and macromodels of ΣΔM cells are introduced. In addition, different architectures of a ΣΔM are validated with the discussion of a ΣΔM spectrum and normalization of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) results. The future work will stand as the conclusion of this article.