Caracterización de sitios de alimentación de vacunos a pastoreo en comunidades heterogéneas en el Estado Cojedes, Venezuela
2016
Se realizo el estudio para caracterizar los sitios de alimentacion de vacunos a pastoreo en comunidades de sabanas y bosques en el estado Cojedes. Para tal fin, cada animal fue observado una sola vez/dia, mientras duro su consumo y marcado su recorrido (transecta animal, TAn), el entorno mas cercano (transecta control, TC) asi como el paisaje en general (transecta aleatoria, TA). Las evaluaciones se hicieron durante 3 dias consecutivos cada 3 semanas por 2 anos. Sobre TAn y en cada sitio de alimentacion se evaluo: numero de especies totales, numero de especies seleccionadas, altura de la pastura, cobertura, altura de consumo y partes consumidas, identificacion taxonomica y funcional de plantas y sobre TC y TA, solo numero de especies totales. Se aplico un ANAVAR, con ano, comunidad y periodo, como fuentes de variacion. Hubo diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para todas las variables evaluadas, excepto para las especies seleccionadas en TAn. Tanto los sitios de alimentacion, como el entorno y el paisaje en general, fueron mas diversos durante el primer ano, lo que parece ser decisivo en las distancias recorridas. La heterogeneidad del paisaje tuvo efecto sobre los patrones de seleccion y de distribucion de los animales. Los animales consumieron 38 especies, de las cuales el 66%, pertenecian a los tipos funcionales de plantas(TFP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%) y Teroculmi (11%); mientras que el resto (34%) estuvo distribuido en 10 TFP diferentes, con predominio de tipos herbaceos (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae y H. perennae). Tambien, se observo consumo de especies arboreas. Se concluye que la caracterizacion detallada del sitio de alimentacion del animal y de su entorno, permite obtener informacion para definir estrategias de manejo sustentable y de planificacion del pastoreo en areas altamente heterogeneas. Los resultados evidencian variaciones espaciales y temporales en la selectividad de especies. (Palabras clave: Alimentacion animal; ganado bovino; pastoreo; razas (Brahman); cobertura; medio ambiente ; histologia animal; Cojedes) Characterization of Feeding Sites of Grazing Cattle on Heterogeneous Community at Cojedes State, Venezuela Abstract A study was conducted to characterize the feeding sites of grazing cattle on savannas and forests communities of Cojedes state. Each animal was observed once a day, while its consumption lasted and its route (Animal transect, TAn), the nearest surroundings (Control transect, TC), and the landscape in general (Random transect, TA) were marked for characterization. Evaluations were made for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks for 2 years. It was evaluated on each TAn and feeding site: number of total species, number of selected species, height of pasture, coverage, consumption height and consumed parts, taxonomical and functional identification of plants; and on both TC and TA, only the number of total species, the number of total species only. Variables were analyzed through an ANOVA with year, period, and community as sources of variation. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) on TAn for all assessed variables, except for the selected species. The feeding sites, the surroundings, and the landscape in general, were more diverse during the first year, which seems to be decisive in the distances walked by animals. Landscape heterogeneity had an effect on patterns of selection distribution of animals. Animals consumed 38 species, of which 66% belonged to the functional types of plants (FTP) Caespiticulmi (21%), Nothopluviiarbore (18%), Tropoarbore (16%), and Teroculmi (11%), while the rest (34%) was distributed in 10 different FTP, with a predominance of herbaceous types (Fasciculmi, Teroherbae, Herbae, Herbolianae aestivae, and H. perennae). Consumption of trees species was observed. It is concluded that the detailed characterization of animal´s feeding sites and their surroundings, allows information for defining strategies for sustainable management and planning of grazing on highly heterogeneous areas. Results show spatial and temporal variations in species selectivity. (Key words: Animal feeding; cattle; grazing; breeds Brahman; cover; environment; animal histology; Cojedes)
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