Spatial Agglomeration and Performance of Main Innovative Actors in a Metropolitan Area: Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Metropolitan Area

Innovative actors have been studied in both triple helix and quintuple helix framework. Their functions and interactions between each other have been demonstrated, but spatial agglomeration involving all kinds of innovative actors has rarely been deeply analyzed especially in a metropolitan area. Existing innovation theories and relevant research explain why innovative actors agglomerate and cooperate but provide few spatial evidence to support the importance of geographical proximity. Taking the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan area as an example, this study focuses on confirming the importance of geographical proximity between not only technology firms but also other different types of innovative actors on both data and spatial level. Following the triple helix model, namely, technology-, knowledge-, and service-based actors, this study traces the spatial agglomeration and growth of innovative actors since 2008. Primacy index, concentration, and spatial Gini index were used to examine the extent to whic...