Changing disparities in COVID-19 burden in the ethnically homogeneous population of Hong Kong through pandemic waves: an observational study.

Background Disparities were marked in previous pandemics, usually with higher attack rates reported for those in lower socioeconomic positions and for ethnic minorities. Methods We examined characteristics of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong, assessed associations between incidence and population-level characteristics at the level of small geographic areas, and evaluated relations between socioeconomics and work-from-home (WFH) arrangements. Results The largest source of COVID-19 importations switched from students studying overseas in the second wave to foreign domestic helpers in the third. The local cases were mostly individuals not in formal employment (retirees and homemakers) and production workers who were unable to WFH. For every 10% increase in the proportion of population employed as executives or professionals in a given geographic region, there was an 84% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1% to 97%) reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 during the third wave. In contrast, in the first two waves, the same was associated with 3.69 times (95% CI: 1.02 to 13.33) higher incidence. Executives and professionals were more likely to implement WFH and experienced frequent changes in WFH practice, compared to production workers. Conclusions Consistent findings on the reversed socioeconomic patterning of COVID-19 burden between infection waves in Hong Kong at both individual and population level analyses indicated that risks of infections may be related to occupations involving high exposure frequency and WFH flexibility. Contextual determinants should be taken into account in policy planning aiming at mitigating such disparities.