Venous Malformations and Associated Syndromes: Diagnosis and Management

Venous malformations are congenital low-flow vascular malformations. Venous malformations commonly present in the skin and superficial soft tissues; they can involve deeper structures. Venous malformations are associated with other vascular anomaly syndromes as well. Common presenting symptoms include swelling, pain, mass effect, and psychosocial stressors. Coagulopathy is observed with diffuse and multifocal lesions. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful adjuncts for diagnosis and understanding extent and relationship to adjacent structures. Mainstays of therapy include expectant management, compression, pain control, sclerotherapy, and surgical resection. Multimodal and interdisciplinary care is crucial to provide comprehensive care to patients with venous malformations.