The effects of gatekeeping: A systematic review of the literature

AbstractObjective. To assess the effects of physician-centred gatekeeping on health, health care utilization, and costs by conducting a systematic review of the literature. Methods. Systematic search in PubMed (MEDLINE and Pre-MEDLINE), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, from the databases' respective inception dates up to January 2010, using the search words “gatekeeping”, “gatekeeper*”, “first contact”, and “self-referral”. We included RCTs, CCTs, cohort studies, CBAs, and interrupted time-series. We included only studies in which the gatekeeper function was exercised by a physician and that reported health and patient-related outcomes including quality of life and satisfaction, quality of care, health care utilization, and/or economic outcomes (e.g. expenditures or efficiency). Selection was made independently by two reviewers and discrepancies were solved by consensus after discussion. Data on target population, intervention, additional interventions, study results, and methodological quality were extr...