An MRI protocol for anatomical and functional evaluation of the California sea lion brain

We describe a research MRI protocol for ​in vivo​ evaluation of pinniped brains using standard human clinical MRI hardware and pulse sequences. Our intended application is to study development of California sea lions (​Zalophus californianus​) exposed ​in utero​ to domoic acid (DOM) produced by harmful algae blooms in the coastal Pacific Ocean. In cases where the fetus survives to birth, exposure to the toxin ​in utero​ could result in developmental abnormalities leading to neurological and behavioral deficits. Prior studies on sea lions naturally exposed to DOM as adults have demonstrated hippocampal atrophy and altered mesial temporal connectivity. This MRI protocol is therefore intended to depict the hippocampal formation as the primary region of interest, and to provide longitudinal measures of brain functional and structural connectivity as well as quantitative anatomical evaluations. Scan quality and utility are assessed by comparison with prior studies in live and post mortem sea lion brains. We include the first determination of cerebral blood flow mapping using MRI, and also the first fiber tractography using diffusion-weighted imaging from a live sea lion brain. The protocol also facilitates screening for common neurological pathologies, including tumors, trauma and hemorrhages. We believe the protocol would be suitable for any pinniped that can fit inside a human MRI scanner.