Cytoplasmic chloride regulates cation channels in the vacuolar membrane of plant cells

This study is concerned with the characterization of the ionic currents in the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) of plant cells. Voltage patch-clamp experiments at the whole vacuole and single channel levels were employed to study the effects of cytoplasmic chloride on the tonoplast inward rectifying currents of sugar beet cultured cells. Whole vacuole experiments showed that removal of cytoplasmic chloride induced a decrease in the level of the inward currents, an effect that was reversed upon returning to control levels of cytoplasmic chloride. Substitution of cytoplasmic chloride by any other anion (organic or inorganic) resulted in a reduction in the level of the inward currents. At a given negative tonoplast potential, the inward currents showed a linear relationship with the concentration of cytoplasmic chloride between 10 and 100 mM, with the slope of these relationships increasing as the potential was made more negative. Single channel experiments showed that reduction of cytoplasmic chloride changed the gating mechanism of the channels without affecting the single channel conductance. Reduction of cytoplasmic chloride caused a decrease in the open probability of the tonoplast cation channels by reducing their mean open time and by inducing the appearance of an additional closed state.