Current understanding of the history, global spread, ecology, evolution and management of the corn bacterial leaf streak pathogen, Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum.

Bacterial leaf streak of corn, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (Xvv), has been present in South Africa for over 70 years, but is an emerging disease of corn in North and South America. The only scientific information pertaining to this disease on corn came from work done in South Africa, which primarily investigated host range on other African crops, such as sugarcane and banana. As a result, when the disease was first reported in the U.S. in 2016, there was very limited information on where this pathogen came from, how it infects its host, what plant tissue(s) it is capable of infecting, where initial inoculum comes from at the beginning of each crop season, how the bacterium spreads from plant to plant and long distance, what meteorological variables and agronomic practices favor disease development and spread, how many other plant species Xvv is capable of infecting or using as alternate hosts, and if the bacterium will be able to persist in all corn growing regions of the U.S. There were also no rapid diagnostic assays available which initially hindered prompt identification prior to the development of molecular diagnostic tools. The goal of this synthesis is to review the history of Xvv and bacterial leaf streak in South Africa and its movement to North and South America, and highlight the recent research that has been done in response to the emergence of this bacterial disease.