The tyranny of the diagnosis code.

The electronic medical record (EMR), while having acknowledged advantages over the paper record and powerful constituencies advocating its adoption, is not in widespread use. One significant obstacle to its acceptance by physicians has not been addressed—its failure to provide easy input for the patient’s exact diagnoses and for the retrieval of those diagnoses during subsequent patient care. Furthermore, our system designers have failed to respond to the expansion of the use of the medical record from its origin as simply the physician’s memory and communication tool to becoming the building block for our Medical Record Health Information System (MRHIS), where it also supplies the justification for payment for care and is the source of fundamental statistics about health and healthcare. These problems reflect a basic flaw in the application of available information technology to EMR design and data management: We use output codes—the category codes from ICD-9-CM—for input of diagnoses. This fact imposes the tyranny. Our medical records must have these ICD-9-CM codes for the reimbursement system. But, to be accepted as the basic record for medical care, and at the same time, to be truly useful for case retrieval and statistics, medical informatics experts recognize that our EMR must have codes for the exact diagnoses of the patient (diagnosis entities). But no practical method for their input and management has been offered. This paper proposes a way to provide easy input of diagnosis entities, and their permanent coding, as a workable solution to the problem. The Tyranny of the Diagnosis Code1