The effect of artificial X-rays on C-arm positioning performance in a simulated orthopaedic surgical setting.

PURPOSE We designed an Artificial X-ray Imaging System (AXIS) that generates simulated fluoroscopic X-ray images on the fly and assessed its utility in improving C-arm positioning performance by C-arm users with little or no C-arm experience. METHODS The AXIS system was comprised of an optical tracking system to monitor C-arm movement, a manikin, a reference CT volume registered to the manikin, and a Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph algorithm to generate live simulated fluoroscopic images. A user study was conducted with 30 participants who had little or no C-arm experience. Each participant carried out four tasks using a real C-arm: an introduction session, an AXIS-guided set of pelvic imaging tasks, a non-AXIS guided set of pelvic imaging tasks, and a questionnaire. For each imaging task, the participant replicated a set of three target X-ray images by taking real radiographs of a manikin with a C-arm. The number of X-rays required, task time, and C-arm positioning accuracy were recorded. RESULTS We found a significant 53% decrease in the number of X-rays used and a moderate 10-26% improvement in lateral C-arm axis positioning accuracy without requiring more time to complete the tasks when the participants were guided by artificial X-rays. The questionnaires showed that the participants felt significantly more confident in their C-arm positioning ability when they were guided by AXIS. They rated the usefulness of AXIS as very good to excellent, and the realism and accuracy of AXIS as good to very good. CONCLUSION Novice users working with a C-arm machine supplemented with the ability to generate simulated X-ray images could successfully accomplish positioning tasks in a simulated surgical setting using markedly fewer X-ray images than when unassisted. In future work, we plan to determine whether such a system can produce similar results in the live operating room without lengthening surgical procedures.